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Is language, like food, a basic human need without which a child at a critical period of life can be starved and damaged? Judging from the drastic experiment of Frederick II in the thirteenth century, it may be. Hoping to discover what language a child would speak if he heard no mother tongue, he told the nurses to keep silent.

(1993Ä꿼Ìâ)

31. The purpose of Frederick II’s experiment was .

£ÛA£Ý to prove that children are born with the ability to speak

£ÛB£Ý to discover what language a child would speak without hearing any human speech

£ÛC£Ý to find out what role careful nursing would play in teaching a child to speak

£ÛD£Ý to prove that a child could be damaged without learning a language

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In general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic (¹ÙÁÅÖ÷Òå)management in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, well-ventilated factories and piped music, and psychologists and “humanª²relations” experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he does not wholeheartedly participate in his work and that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue-and white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.

The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction or interest in life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.

Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of selfª²respect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of submissiveness and independence. From that moment on they are tested again and again-by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behaviour, sociability, capacity to get along, etc. This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than one’s fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness.

Am I suggesting that we should return to the preindustrial mode of production or to nineteenª²century “free enterprise” capitalism? Certainly not. Problems are never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities-those of love and of reason-are the aims of all social arrangements. Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end, and should be prevented from ruling man.

(1993Ä꿼Ìâ)

37. The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is that                     .

£ÛA£Ý they are very likely to lose their jobs

£ÛB£Ý they have no genuine satisfaction or interest in life

£ÛC£Ý they are faced with the fundamental realities of human existence

£ÛD£Ý they are deprived of their individuality and independence

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Some people believe that international sport creates goodwill between the nations and that if countries play games together they will learn to live together. Others say that the opposite is true; that international contests encourage false national pride and lead to misunderstanding and hatred. There is probably some truth in both arguments, but in recent years the Olympic Games have done little to support the view that sports encourages international brotherhood. Not only was there the tragic incident involving the murder of athlete, but the Games were also ruined by lesser incidents caused principally by minor national contests.

One country received its secondª²place medals with visible indignation after the hockey (Çú¹÷Çò)final. There had been noisy scene at the end of the hockey match, the losers objecting to the final decisions. They were convinced that one of their goals should not have been disallowed and that their opponents’victory was unfair. Their manager was in a rage when he said, “This wasn’t hockey. Hockey and the International Hockey Federation are finished”. The president of the Federation said later that such behavior could result in the suspension of the team for at least three years.

The American basketball team announced that they would not yield first place to Russia, after a disputable end to their contest. The game had ended in disturbance. It was thought at first that the United States had won, by a single point, but it was announced that there were three seconds still to play. A Russian player then threw the ball from one end of the court to the other, and another player popped it into the basket. It was the first time the USA had ever lost an Olympic basketball match. An appeal jury debated the matter for four and a half hours before announcing that the result would stand. The American players then voted not to receive the silver medals.

Incidents of this kind will continue as long as sport is played competitively rather than for the love of the game. The suggestion that athletes should compete as individuals, or in non-national teams, might be too much to hope for. But in the present organization of the Olympics there is far too much that encourages aggressive patriotism.

(1992Ä꿼Ìâ)

44. The author gives the two examples in Paragraph 2 and 3 to show                     .

£ÛA£Ý how false national pride led to undesirable incidents in international games

£ÛB£Ý that sportsmen have been more obedient than they used to be

£ÛC£Ý that competitiveness in the games discourages international friendship

£ÛD£Ý that unfair decisions are common in Olympic Games

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Many an old firm was replaced by a limited liability company with a bureaucracy of salaried managers. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in  efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders.

(1996Ä꿼Ìâ)

59. It’s true of the old family firms that                     .

£ÛA£Ý they were spoiled by the younger generations

£ÛB£Ý they failed for lack of individual initiative

£ÛC£Ý they lacked efficiency compared with modern companies

£ÛD£Ý they could supply adequate services to the taxpayers

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